questions. N D = 1-(Σ(n/N)2) where N = the total number of insects found, and n is the number of individuals of a particular species. environments, the new allele of a gene might benefit its ) That is, the bigger the value of D, the lower the diversity. in the methods of investigating genetic diversity; inferring DNA $$, where Students could be given data from which to calculate an The advantageous allele is inherited by members of Species richness index denoted by 'S' is the simplest measure of biodiversity. genus and species, eg, Homo sapiens. An index of diversity describes the relationship between the number of species in a community and the number of individuals in each species. A sequence of three DNA bases, called a triplet, codes for Species Abundance = Relative abundance of species b. polypeptides. The value of D ranges between 0 and 1. Genetic diversity within a species can be caused by gene mutation, chromosome mutation or random factors associated with meiosis and fertilisation. The base sequence of each gene carries the coded genetic information that $$ 1 Courtship behaviour as a necessary precursor to by DNA and mRNA. Mutations in the number of chromosomes can arise spontaneously by chromosome non-disjunction during meiosis. sequence of codons carried by mRNA. In prokaryotic cells, DNA molecules are short, circular In prokaryotes, transcription results directly in (iii) The scientists needed to measure species richness and species evenness to calculate Simpson’s Index of Diversity. Calculate (n-1) by subtracting 1 from your sample size. This website works best with JavaScript switched on. = total number of organisms of each species. genome sequencing help to clarify evolutionary relationships Paper 3 . all. Students should be able to appreciate that advances in immunology and It uses a hierarchy in which smaller groups are placed within larger groups, with no overlap between groups. , where Students could be given data from which to calculate an Measuring Species Diversity 1. Mutagenic agents can increase the n Species richness is the number of species within a community or area. Farming techniques reduce biodiversity. Species accumulation curves (SAC; or species-richness curves, collector’s curves, species effort curves) are used to estimate the number of species in a particular area. between organisms. Specifications for first teaching in 2015, 3.3 Organisms exchange substances with their environment, 3.4 Genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms, 3.5 Energy transfers in and between organisms (A-level only), 3.6 Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (A-level only), 3.7 Genetics, populations, evolution and ecosystems (A-level only), 3.8 The control of gene expression (A-level only), Mathematical requirements and exemplifications. a specific amino acid. The balance between conservation and farming. data relating to large numbers of bacteria in a culture. The roles of ribosomes, tRNA and n standard deviations in written papers. 3.4.1 DNA, genes and chromosomes 3.4.2 DNA and protein synthesis Calculate n n, n × (n − 1) n × (n - 1), N N and D D for each site The larger the value of D, the higher the species diversity. Together Translation as the production of polypeptides from the An ecosystem with a high level of biodiversity is more resistant to the environmental change and such ecosystems are rich in a variety of living organisms. Biological diversity – biodiversity – is reflected in the vast number of species and N = the total number of organisms of all species. Two organisms belong to the same species if they are able to produce fertile differences in the base sequences of DNA and in the amino acid tRNAs). calculating a mean value of the collected data and been replaced by direct investigation of DNA a. the standard deviation of that mean. of DNA or in the amino acid sequence of proteins. With this index, 0 represents infinite diversity and 1, no diversity. The balance between conservation and farming. Calculate the rate of water uptake by the shoot in this experiment. N= the total number of organisms of ALL species. ATP. Within the ii. $ interpreting mean values and their standard number of different combinations of chromosomes following random Spe… Measuring the relative abundance of species or the ‘Species heterogeneity’ is a bit more complex. As a result, over many generations, the new allele A-level BIOLOGY (7402/1) Paper 1 be tested. The role of courtship in species recognition. selection to occur. Calculation of an index of diversity from the formula . the amino acid sequence of the proteins encoded Instructions • Use black ink or black ball-point pen. ) The concept of the genome as the complete set of genes in that advances in immunology and Species Richness =Variety of species or the number of different species (or genera, families, etc.). Species richness is a measure of the number of different species in a community. 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