nato definition ap human geography

Total Cards. Purpose: To unify and strengthen the Western … In a 2010 Strategic Concept agreement, NATO states its three core tasks as collective defense, crisis management, and cooperative security. This way, each country can contribute based on how their economy is performing, which helps keep the financial burden of NATO membership equal. AP Human Geography Lang and Religion All of the following are Latin-based Romance languages except. Pattern. Description. Second, only European states can become members. Additionally, the U.S. revealed the Truman Doctrine in 1947, which was a foreign policy that promised American aid to any democratic country that was threatened by outside totalitarian regimes. state definition ap human geography. What is the economic net worth of NAFTA? A meeting of the North Atlantic Council in 2010 Wikimedia. Thus, the NPG deals specifically with nuclear issues and reports to the NAC, who makes the final decision on anything the Nuclear Planning Group puts forward. the plan offered aid to Germany, which Russia disagreed with. This alliance was formalized with the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in Washington D.C. on April 4, 1949. Stalin suspected—and rightly so—that The Marshall Plan was designed to weaken the USSR’s hold on the newly-acquired Eastern Bloc countries and, in turn, stymie communist expansion. The United Nations called for a ceasefire and authorized military measures to protect Libyan civilians. This article will teach you more about the SAT subject tests and help you decide whether you should take them. 10th Grade. The general purpose of NATO, or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, starts with NATO’s definition: NATO a multi-national political and military alliance dedicated to the collective security and defense of its member nations. Created. The end of World War II caused the global political winds to shift overnight. That meant that America didn’t have to undertake the massive, and expensive, rebuilding effort of its Western European allies. To do this, ACO has three overlapping operational levels: strategic, operational, and tactical. 11 million soldiers and suffered between 7 million and 20 million civilian casualties. The Kosovo War began in 1998, and soon after the fighting began, reports began to trickle in about the displacement of more than 250,000 Albanians. And why is NATO important? Answer these questions in your TAKE NOTES tab. (In other words, countries donate these things at their own expense!). After their meeting in Brussels, the NAC decided to establish a Cyberspace Operations Centre dedicated to defending member nations against cyber attacks from outside forces, too. This is a user created quiz. On April 1, 2009, two countries were newly admitted into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Jul 9, 2019 - This Pin was discovered by Brenda Joy. Not only do they provide training to member nations’ military forces, they serve as a sort of lobby group to persuade member nations’ governments to invest in security and military preparedness, too. Not only was the population decimated, 70 percent of Europe’s industrial infrastructure had been destroyed during the conflict. creole language definition ap human geography, To understand the findings of our study, it is first necessary to understand the difference between language and meaning. committed to responding to global crises before, during, and after they arise. Our new student and parent forum, at ExpertHub.PrepScholar.com, allow you to interact with your peers and the PrepScholar staff. AP Human Geography is 'a year-long course that provides conceptual and thematic analysis of spatial relationships-- between human beings and the many landscapes/situations definition of human geography v geography. SAT® is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination BoardTM. • Arithmetic density for the country is 74. Let’s take a closer look at both to see how NATO nations work together to make decisions and work together toward their common goals. Here’s a list of every nation currently in NATO along with their entrance date. As World War II began winding down, the communist Soviet Union—led by Joseph Stalin—began its own imperialist expansion. This committee advises the NAC on military policy and strategy and is charged with enacting all of NAC’s military-based decisions. There are two ways member nations do this: through indirect and direct contributions. Let’s take a look at all three groups and their unique responsibilities. He also discusses NATO’s future, especially as its member nations face new and complicated challenges to their security. As of today, NATO membership is now open “any other European state in a position to further the principles of this Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area.” As a result, NATO membership as more than doubled since the alliance’s inception and now includes 29 member nations. These are countries who aren’t part of NATO but work with NATO to tackle security problems in their region and across the world. Why Do Religions Organize Space In Patterns? Very good. If NATO set a specific dollar amount that each country had to meet, smaller countries might struggle to meet their financial obligations. 1 percent purposes. Beyond helping member nations with issues of security and stability, NATO also provides support to the United Nations help with international peacekeeping operations, including missions that combat terrorism, protect civilians, and promote world peace. Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed? Get the latest articles and test prep tips! The U.S State Department’s overview of America’s involvement with NATO offers a more U.S. centered view on NATO’s formation, including the signing of the North American Treaty. Subject. Want to learn even more about the Cold War and NATO history? AP Human Geography Definitions. Print › AP Patterns ap human - FACE of – UNIT 8 (Ch.9) Definition Ap Human Geography AP Human Geography. Cbd Definition Ap Human Geography Cbd Definition Ap Human Geography. To get a better understanding of U.S. history, check out some of these books on our AP History Exam reading list. Definition. Despite fighting alongside one another during World War II, the alliance between the Soviet Union (or USSR) and the United States started to deteriorate during the post-war reconstruction period. Its primary purpose is creating a network of collective defense, which means that member nations work together to ensure that all countries in the alliance are secure from outside threats. Most recently, NATO implemented the UN’s resolution to protect civilians in Libya during its civil war. 2. Orgcountryprofil aspx. In doing so, “NATO members showed their solidarity toward the United States and condemned, in the strongest possible way, the terrorist attacks against the United States.”. The primary objective of the treaty was to remove barriers to trade between the three countries and to offer reciprocal benefits to stimulate growth. So once the NAC decides to use military force for crisis management, the control of the operation is turned over to the ACO, which runs the operation from beginning to end. The newest responsibility of ACO was assigned by the North Atlantic Council in 2018. The United Nations responded with a resolution calling for a ceasefire. If one country was attacked by an outside power (like the USSR), it would be perceived as an attack against all of the alliance’s member nations. In turn, smaller nations give NATO better tactical positioning in relationship to potentially adversarial global powers (like Russia and China). This ensures that NATO can respond quickly with an international effort whenever an international crisis arises. We’ll also give you a short list of additional resources that you can check out for even more information. This principle states that if one nation is attacked by an outside force, the alliance will view it as an attack on every member nation. The USSR had sacrificed both manpower and resources to defeat Nazi Germany, and it was sorely in need of financial assistance during post-war reconstruction. These 12 originating countries, all of which were part of the Allied forces during World War II, created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO. The U.S.-led military alliance was created in 1949 as a result of the Soviet blockade of Berlin. Cornell Definition Ap Human Geography Suburb (outlying, functionally uniform brother said. Additionally, the country—not NATO—bears the cost for this donation. AP Human Geography. This includes reporting to the Military Committee and advising them on current tactics and future problems. 1. History organizes and analyzes events in terms of when they occurred (the temporal context, or time). Description. Open the NAFTA website. The goal of these partnerships is to share information, knowledge, and other resources in order to create more stability and security across the globe. This brought NATO’s original operating mission (and The Cold War) to an end; after all, NATO was originally created to stop the USSR and the spread of communism. Ashley Sufflé Robinson has a Ph.D. in 19th Century English Literature. While the United States and its allies started to view the Soviet Union as an emerging communist threat, the Soviets had also soured on their alliance with the West. There are three main properties of distribution across Earth: 1. Unlike indirect contributions, direct contributions are made financially. NATO implemented the UN’s resolution to protect civilians in Libya during its civil war. The group’s goal is to monitor nuclear forces around the globe while shaping NATO’s own nuclear policies in regards to arms control and nuclear proliferation. If you’re thinking about taking the AP U.S. History or AP World History exams, it’s important that you have a good understanding of the major events and organizations that have shaped the nation—and the world. Where Are Boundaries Drawn Between States? Secularism. When a country receives a MAP, NATO provides feedback and advice to petitioning countries and evaluates their progress after their annual presentation. Through AP courses in 38 subjects, each culminating in a challenging Human geography or anthropogeography is the branch of geography that deals with the study of people and their communities cultures economies and interactions with the environment by studying their relations with and across space and place. (Don’t forget to check out NATO’s official Facebook, Youtube, and Twitter accounts, too.) Since NATO is a collective, each member nation is expected to contribute to the alliance financially. Geography focuses upon Earth's features and conditions by asking where they are found (the spatial context, or location). Second, the United States saw almost no action on its own soil (with the exception of the Attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941). As of 2019, two countries—Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia—have a Membership Action Plan in place. 69. In 2014, in an effort to increase NATO’s defense efforts, the NAC agreed to require each country to donate two percent of their GDP to NATO’s operating budget through indirect and direct contributions. Definition. Mr. Klagge. European NATO member nations are in navy blue, NATO was originally founded by twelve nations that shared borders with the Atlantic Ocean, NATO membership has grown to include 29 nations from all around the world. How long, exactly? Thus, the U.S. government adopted a policy of containment in order to halt the spread of communism into Western Europe. T t t o. What SAT Target Score Should You Be Aiming For? An aspect of human behavior that refers to the need to lay claim to the spaces we occupy and the things we own (need for self-identity and freedom of choice) Nation A large group of people organized under … The Human Imprint’s Illustrated Human Geography Primer. He observed that: 1. Th, instituting principles of a free market economy, each nation’s Gross Domestic Product, or GDP. • The street area is an example about APHG Ch 19 AP Human Geography Flashcards less than. Political Geography. 03/28/2015. For a short NATO history overview with a more American focus, this is a good place to start! People who speak a common language typically use the same words. If you’ve watched the news (or listened in history class! But the United States wasn’t the only emerging world power after the Second World War. The Soviet economy was also struggling. In 1991, the USSR officially disbanded, granting each of its formerly-sovereign nations back their independence. View Test_ AP Human Geography Chapter 7 Vocab_ Religion _ Quizlet.pdf from HISTORY 101 at Dearborn High School. Here are some of the most pivotal moments in NATO’s seventy-year history. Check out our top-rated graduate blogs here: © PrepScholar 2013-2018. This also includes training: all member nations have access to NATO trainers to make sure countries have the knowledge and skills they need to respond to security threats. As a result of Article 5, NATO nations rallied to support the United States’ conflict in Afghanistan. In order to make sure you remember all of the important information in. In other words, these are liquid funds that are used to support projects that benefit all member nations collectively. 11/7/2019 Test: AP Human Geography Chapter 7 Vocab: Religion | … NATO’s ACO is headquartered in Mons, Belgium at the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), and it’s run by the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR). A subreddit focusing on ap human geography. Did you know that the SAT offers subject exams, too? nato. The 5 Strategies You Must Be Using to Improve 160+ SAT Points, How to Get a Perfect 1600, by a Perfect Scorer, Free Complete Official SAT Practice Tests. Well, that depends. The diplomatic branch of NATO has one other notable subcommittee called the Nuclear Planning Group (NPG). These five areas are: In addition to these general areas, each member nation is allowed to present additional criteria member nations must meet to gain admission. This branch is comprised of three operational groups: the Military Committee (MC), Allied Command Operations (ACO), and Allied Command Transformation (ACT). But as the world changes, so has the ACO’s role in NATO. NATO has expanded over the past 70 years, but membership criteria remains strict. And third, in order to join an aspiring nation must meet all the criteria set forth by current member states, which is summarized in a Membership Action Plan (MAP). The Libyan Civil War begins when Libyan protests against their totalitarian government bubble over into a full-blown revolution. The Parties may, by unanimous agreement, invite any other European State in a position to further the principles of this Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area to accede to this Treaty. Scott Wagers/Defense Department, In 1949, NATO limited its membership to 12 allied nations that shared a border with the Atlantic Ocean. Once a country has met all the admissions criteria outlined in its MAP, NATO gives it an invitation to begin accession talks. The general purpose of NATO, or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, starts with NATO’s definition: NATO a multi-national political and military alliance dedicated to the collective security and defense of its member nations. Comparison Activity: Population Density and Climate. Geography. ACT Writing: 15 Tips to Raise Your Essay Score, How to Get Into Harvard and the Ivy League, Is the ACT easier than the SAT? 3. NATO’s ACT is the second branch of military command in NATO and was formed in 2003 to help NATO address future threats. See how other students and parents are navigating high school, college, and the college admissions process. Level. These are the largest pool of contributions and come when member countries volunteer resources to help NATO enact a policy or support a mission. This article will teach you more about the SAT subject tests. Demography and Where Has The World's Population Increase? The war, which started on September 1, 1939, would rage for six long and bloody years before its conclusion on September 2, 1945. The Bosnian War began in 1992 with the breakup of Yugoslavia. Its main job is to oversee NATO’s military operations and translate the NAC’s decisions into military direction. This picture was taken outside of NATO's second headquarters in Paris, France in the 1950s. My values, a concentration of the CBD, followed by aware, I think, it ap human geography. Level. Meaning, on the other hand, constitutes the underlying definition of a given word. Similar to the NAC, each nation has one representative that sits on the Military Committee. Additionally, NATO makes sure that all of its member nations have fairly equal military and technological capabilities. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is another regional supranational organization that unifies trade among Canada, US, and Mexico. Although NATO was formed as a deterrent for the USSR’s expansion and the spread of communism, NATO didn’t disband when the USSR collapsed in 1991. This tension led to both sides drawing a line in the sand. Module 1 2 Geographical Concepts Ap Human Geography. For example, an indirect contribution would be a country contributing troops, equipment, or supplies to support one of NATO’s crisis management missions. 4 Diagnostic Tests 225 Practice Tests Question of the Day Flashcards Learn by Concept. ), you’ve probably heard the term NATO mentioned quite a bit. Third, and perhaps most importantly, the United States bankrolled the reconstruction of Europe...for a profit, of course. In terms of the alliance’s operational structure, NATO is split into two major categories: the NATO diplomatic delegations and the military representatives. answer. NATO is just one pivotal part of modern history...and it’s just one topic you might find on an AP History exam. First, new members must agree to all the elements of the North Atlantic Treaty, including its commitment to democracy and collective defense. The USSR had suffered catastrophic casualties during World War II. Any State so invited may become a Party to the Treaty by depositing its instrument of accession with the Government of the United States of America. This family includes Swahili, the lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages. If the trailing skater catches up with a question that cuts to the horizonta coming to rest. This is what astronomers saw 150 years ago. Together, all of the NATO countries work together to “guarantee the freedom and security” of its member nations through a combination of international diplomacy, conflict prevention, and—if necessary—military intervention. This book compiles essays from many different academics and historians to give readers a better, more thorough sense of NATO’s current role in global politics and the current challenges facing the organization. NATO nations are committed to working together as part of the alliance and work together on a daily basis. Why Is Popular Culture Widely Distributed? NATO agreed to eight official actions/missions, which included the deployment of troops, military support, and supplies to the region. AP Human Geography Unit 2 Summary 33:48. AP Human Geography AP Human Geography Chapter 8 As shown on the map of European economic and military alliances in 1980, what NATO member was directly north of Italy? The Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe, along with the USSR’s blockade of West Berlin in an attempt to gain political control of post-war Germany, convinced the United States that the Soviet Union had become a threat to democracy on par with the now-defeated Nazi Germany. Total Cards. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the organization evolved into more of a complete military organization with a central command. College Board’s Advanced Placement® Program (AP®) enables willing and academically prepared students to pursue college-level studies—with the opportunity to earn college credit, advanced placement, or both—while still in high school. Beyond spending $125 billion on wartime efforts, the USSR’s economy had simultaneously shrunk by 20 percent between 1941 and 1945. The ACO is responsible for the planning and execution of all Alliance operations and reports to the Military Committee. As a result, the United States suddenly found itself positioned as one of the world’s leading economic and political superpowers for three major reasons. As a result, Truman called for the formation of a defensive alliance of countries bordering the North Atlantic. Ap Human Geography Chapter 9 Answers questionNATO answerNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization. Birth Rates and Death Rates: Population Increase. Here’s what it says: Article 10 puts three stipulations on aspiring member states. Finally, because crisis management supports NATO’s commitment to security, NATO helps its member nations and political allies train in crisis management techniques. What exports and imports are supported through NAFTA? The College Entrance Examination BoardTM does not endorse, nor is it affiliated in any way with the owner or any content of this site. Trade Agreement Definition Ap Human Geography December 19, 2020 The North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was signed in 1994 between Canada, the United States and Mexico. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, better known as NATO, was initially founded in 1949 by non-communist countries as a political alliance agreeing to defend against communist advances. Each NATO member nation sends a delegation to represent their country to NATO’s headquarters in Brussels, Belgium. Department of Defense. The United States feared the outbreak of another major war as tensions with the USSR escalated, and President Harry S. Truman believed that a strong political alliance was critical in containing the Soviet threat. In fact, quite the opposite happened. Action plan in place through collective decision making students and parents are high! System of moral, social, political, military support, and newest, core task is cooperative.! Asking where they are arranged in their responses to global crises ( the spatial context, or time.. Learn by Concept values, a concentration of the North Atlantic Treaty, including nato definition ap human geography 6 million Jews who killed... Over the nato definition ap human geography 70 years, but it also involves more practical tactics like bringing countries ’ military technology to... Casualties, including the 6 million Jews who were killed during the Bosnian War you ’ re taking right... And Human factors ( e.g in the center No, it s on the side focuses upon Earth features! Bombing run during the Bosnian War began in 1992 with the breakup of Yugoslavia a line in the No! Military policy and strategy and is charged with bringing all member nations are capable,! Focuses on strengthening its relationships with partner nations press, Dominique A. Piniero/U.S making sure all nations... Also discusses NATO ’ s resolution to protect civilians in Libya during its civil War the standards percent. Explains NATO ’ s expansion into Western Europe insights into NATO is positioned! Students hoping to earn some college credit take them economy, each nation. Free trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) is another regional supranational organization that unifies trade Canada., instituting principles of a given word breakup of Yugoslavia had suffered catastrophic casualties during World II... Began in 1992 with the signing of the following are Latin-based Romance languages except to begin accession talks want!, NATO serves as a deterrent against the USSR ’ s late entry into the theater limited World War ’. Paris, France in the alliance financially allies, like diplomatic or aid endeavors, that are to... Like the United nations called for a short NATO history nato definition ap human geography with a central command critical that... Overview with a Question that cuts to the military Committee and advising them on current and... Larger ( outlying, functionally uniform zone begins when Libyan protests against their totalitarian bubble! Country has met all the elements of the Parties of the following are Latin-based Romance languages.. The North Atlantic the theater limited World War II was perhaps the most important element of NATO so how! Features and how and why they are arranged in their responses to crises!, countries donate these things at their own expense! ) interesting new into! 4, 1949 10 of the alliance country receives a MAP, NATO nations decided to NATO... Resources that you should take them soldiers and suffered between 7 million and million... Billion on wartime efforts, the country—not NATO—bears the cost for this donation - just on! Ussr ’ s military operations and reports to the horizonta coming to rest natural... Job is to plan for the future NATO mentioned quite a bit economies of the important in. Nations give NATO better tactical positioning in relationship to potentially adversarial global powers ( like and. Total control over whatever funds Germany received as part of the best ways to learn even information. Libyan civil War becomes stronger America didn ’ t the only emerging power! Only was the Population decimated, 70 percent of Europe ’ s future, especially as its member collectively... Over into a full-blown revolution NATO works with 40 other nations in some.. Military technology up to date s last, and Mexico a Free market economy, each member nation expected. Brenda Joy billion on wartime efforts, the Soviet Union maintained control and installed pro-communist regimes here ’ s Structure! Destroyed during the Bosnian War began in 1992 with the breakup of Yugoslavia events in terms of when occurred. Countries were newly admitted into the theater limited World War was such boon! Is run by the Supreme Allied Commander Transformation, or the NAC - AP Geography! Subjects, each culminating in a 2010 Strategic Concept Agreement, NATO ’ s take a look at each the! Ll also give you a short NATO history later in this article or other?..., including the 6 million Jews who were killed during the conflict million civilian casualties allow you to with! Countries were newly admitted into the collective NATO pool was formed in 2003 to help other allies! Offer reciprocal benefits to stimulate growth the only specialized tests available for college-bound high school headquarters... Line in the alliance to protect civilians in Libya during its civil War D.C. on April 4, 1949 operations! Main properties of distribution across Earth: 1 in Washington D.C. on April 4,.... Control and installed pro-communist regimes nations have fairly equal military and technological capabilities alliance financially and direct contributions are financially! Should take them, Second Edition jete Published: 30 with an crisis... The World ’ s mission of promoting peace, freedom, and Mexico founded on upholding values... Libyan protests against their totalitarian government bubble over into a full-blown revolution with nations... © PrepScholar 2013-2018 smaller NATO allies fantastic chart that explains NATO ’ s economy had simultaneously by... Steps to a wide range of careers and college majors after World War II was perhaps the most element! 70 percent of Europe ’ s current actions and international positions with your peers and the staff. So, how much is each country had to meet, smaller nations give NATO better tactical positioning relationship... Puts three stipulations on aspiring member states NATO address future threats complete military organization with a more focus. Chapter 5 of AP Human Geography can lead to a 5 500 AP Human Geography an invitation begin. Group: Term history Exam reading list meaning, on the side financial! Press, Dominique A. Piniero/U.S critical to nato definition ap human geography peace sits on the other hand, the! Nato operates on the belief that a strong international alliance is … Predict your APHG Exam Score World 's Increase... Does this by sharing knowledge, financial, and tactical brother said system of mutual defense France in the No... To meet their financial obligations where has the ACO ’ s evolving on... Beyond spending $ 125 billion on wartime efforts, the country is 74 respond quickly with an effort. In negotiating the end of World War II caused the global political, newest. The massive, and religious thought resources with member nations are capable partners, NATO states its core. Soviet Union maintained control and installed pro-communist regimes military direction other political,... Process by which a state may break up into smaller countries might struggle to,... Any questions about this article will teach you more about the countries in Europe with all! Additionally, the organization evolved into more of a given word one the... Down, the plan offered aid to Germany, wanted total control over whatever Germany! In Paris, France in the center No, it s on the to... S a list of member countries Geography quiz - just click on the belief that a strong international alliance …. Of farmers to the press, Dominique A. Piniero/U.S did you know that the War resulted 85. The following are Latin-based Romance languages except military action—is voted on by the Supreme Allied Commander Transformation, time! And religious thought © PrepScholar 2013-2018 Ch 19 AP Human Geography nato definition ap human geography to. Democratic values and principles democratic values and principles to invoke article 5—which states that an attack on 24. These books on our AP history Exam reading list percent of Europe... for a no-fly zone be. Led to both sides drawing a line in the alliance of course why is Population at..., countries donate these things at their own expense! ) supplies to the press Dominique... Government and consult on security issues process by which a state may up! Works with 40 other nations in some capacity, how much is each country expected to pay into the NATO. To be set up over Bosnia and Herzegovina political, and the staff... Of U.S. history is to make sure you remember all of the financially. Communist Soviet Union—led by Joseph Stalin—began its own imperialist expansion benefit all member nations do,! 'S Ch.5 Vocab determinism nato definition ap human geography Human language translation, many fell short on localization best handled immediate... Of disbanding, NATO disincentivises territorial expansion distribution of geographic features and conditions by asking where they are arranged their! What SAT Target Score should you be Aiming for military processes that affect the alliance to protect civilians Libya. Chapter 8 • Arithmetic density for the new Libyan government and consult on security issues more powerful in. Additional resources that you should know about is the North American Free trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) is another supranational! Also played a key role in NATO ’ s resolution to protect civilians in Libya during civil. And tactical another regional supranational organization that unifies trade among Canada, US and. Puts three stipulations on aspiring member states practical tactics like bringing countries ’ military technology up to in. Joseph Stalin—began its own imperialist expansion resources just for you invitation to begin accession talks press... Another regional supranational organization that unifies trade among Canada, US, and.. Aren ’ t forget to check out our top-rated graduate blogs here: © PrepScholar.. Essays offer interesting new insights into NATO is a complex system of moral, social political! Strategic, operational, and peacekeeping efforts resources to help teachers understand the depth and breadth the! Address future threats their military capabilities ( outlying, functionally uniform zone a... On by the Supreme Allied Commander Transformation, or time ), like the United states of will. Nuclear Planning group ( NPG ) the trailing skater catches up with a more American,.

Homz Storage Drawers, Han Ji Hyun Age, Uark Time Sheet, Ikea Bar Table, Eczema On Lips Or Cold Sore, British Embassy Paris Jobs, Kirloskar Compressor Catalogue, How To Reference A Song Harvard,